В этом уроке мы познакомимся:
amount1 [ə'maʊnt] - количество | |
battle [bætl] - битва | |
contract ['kɒntrækt] - контракт | |
jewel [dʒu:əl] - драгоценный камень, ювелирное украшение | |
mystery2 ['mistri] - тайна, мистика | |
pair3 [peə(r)] - пара | |
quantity1 ['kwɒntəti] - количество | |
resource4 [ri'zɔ:s] - источник, ресурс | |
secret2 ['si:kret] - секрет | |
security [si'kjʊərəti] - безопасность | |
shape5 [ʃeip] - форма, формировать | |
source4 [sɔ:(r)s] - источник | |
test [test] - тест, испытание, тестировать | |
add6 [æd] - добавлять | |
continue7 [kən'tinju:] - продолжать, продолжаться | |
discover8 [di'skʌvə(r)] - открывать, обнаруживать | |
suppose [sə'pəʊz] - предполагать, полагать | |
steal9 [sti:l] - воровать | (stole [stəʊl] , stolen ['stəʊlən] ) |
feeble10 [fi:bl] - слабый | |
gentle (gently)11 [dʒentl(li)] - нежный (нежно) | |
left12 [left] - левый | |
polite(ly)13 [pə'lait(li)] - вежливый (вежливо) | |
opposite14 ['ɒpəzit] - противоположный, напротив |
1 - три существительных amount, quantity и number имеют схожее значение и обозначают "количество, число" чего-либо, но используется в разных ситуациях. Number употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными, amount с неисчисляемыми, а quantity с исчисляемые и неисчисляемыми существительными. Обратите внимание, с этими новыми существительными используется неопределенный артикль, если они стоят в единственным числом. И не стоит использовать с ними прилагательные big и little. Правильнее звучат large и small. Посмотрите на примеры:
Здесь с number может уже использоваться неопределенный артикль, так как перед ним стоит прилагательное, которое придает "числу" неопределенный характер ("какое-то большое число").
2 - не путайте два существительных mystery и secret. Secret - это информация, которая известна ограниченному количеству людей, а для других является тайной. Mystery - это именно тайна (загадка) для всех людей, которую они не могут понять.
3 - pair и изученное ранее слово couple похожи по значению и могут, иногда, заменять друг друга. Но со словами, которые используются в паре, ставится только pair:
Слово couple может использоваться не только для двух предметов, но и когда мы говорим "около двух":
Обратите внимание на одинаковое произношение pair и ранее изученного существительного pear.
4 - два существительных source и resource имеют разное значение. Source - это "источник", из которого что-то берет начало (происходит), a resource - это скорее "ресурс, запас", откуда мы берем, что нам необходимо. И обратите внимание на сильное отличие американского произношения этого слова - ['risɔ:rs].
5 - слово shape, как и в русском языке, имеет не только прямое значение, как форма предмета, но и переносное, когда говорится о физической или умственной форме:
Условно, можно назвать изученное ранее слово form его синонимом, тем более, что оно является еще и глаголом "формировать". Конечно у них есть отличия, но на этом уровне допустимо считать их взаимозаменяемыми в этом значении (форма фигуры, формировать).
6 - после глагола add ставится предлог to, когда вы говорите "к" чему ("во" что) вы добавляете что-либо:
И не забывайте об образовании прилагательных от глаголов. От этого глагола образуется причастие прошедшего времени added - "добавленный":
7 - глагол continue это синоним фразового глагола go on, но он является более официальным:
После этого глагола может стоять и инфинитив, и герундий без изменения значения предложения.
8 - discover не является синонимом глаголу open. По смыслу он более близок к глаголу find, но самым близкими к нему является фразовый глагол find out (узнать, обнаружить). Их отличие в том, что discover говорят, когда находка является неожиданной, удивительной, к примеру вы плывете в море и неожиданно "обнаруживаете" остров. А find out значит "обнаружить" то, что вы ищите, прилагая усилия, например вы ищите в книге как отремонтировать что-то и "обнаруживаете" нужный для этого раздел.
От этого глагола образуется, часто встречаемое, существительное discovery - "открытие" ([dis'kʌvəri] ).
9 - если вы говорите "у" кого крадут, то после глагола steal ставится логичный предлог from. И от него образуется прилагательное-причастие stolen - "украденный":
10 - прилагательное feeble близко по значению с изученными ранее weak и faint, и означает отсутствие силы физической или моральной (в характере, поведение):
11 - прилагательное gentle близко по значению к изученному ранее soft. Наречие gently является наречием образа действия:
12 - не путайте прилагательное left с формами неправильного глагола leave:
13 - от прилагательного polite образуется существительное politeness - вежливость ([pə'laitnəs] ). Наречие politely является наречием образа действия:
14 - слово opposite в предложение может быть прилагательным, наречием или предлогом:
Американское произношение слов contract, quantity и opposite следующее: ['ka:ntrækt], ['kwa:ntəti] и ['a:pəzit].
Посмотрите на употребление этих слов в предложении:
The workers discovered a new source of valuable metal at the opposite side of the river. |
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She contunued to keep my secret. |
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His left leg is shorter than right one. |
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He tests his pupils every month. |
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This discovery will change the world. |
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At first I have to turn left to the main road. |
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This source of gold went up the finance resources to our state. |
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The teacher decided to add several interesting questions to the last test. |
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Our security office won a contract to guard the transportation of jewels. |
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The scientists supposed the source of such powerful energy isn't safe for people. |
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This mystery is my secret. |
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The soldier saw a great quantity of battles, but this one was the most horrible. |
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I gently touched her feeble hand. |
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This pair of contracts are opposite each other. |
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The man added a couple of lines to the picture of this gentle woman. |
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The police supposed he stole your bag. |
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I discovered accurately the same test in that book. |
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That gentle and polite pair didn't steal our jewels. |
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If you want to understand any mystery, try to find its source. |
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Your secret will be discovered. |
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We see only his shape because of feeble light. |
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You lost the battle but you didn't lose the war. |
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There were answers to the test on the opposite side of the paper. |
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All our money resources will finish by the end of the year. |
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The contract with the security company continues until next month. |
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He supposed that his security is his own business. |
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How did he get such an amount of authority? |
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I shape my figure in training. |
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Our students are going to pass a new pair of tests. |
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This amount of money will allow us to buy a large quantity of things. |
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She was gentle although her body didn't look feeble. |
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The wife politely refused to reply to her husband where she was last night. |
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The jeweler bought enough quantity of jewels for your necklace |
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People supposed your discovery will help them to understand this mystery. |
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The sound is too feeble to find its source. |
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There were a lot of soldiers in this battle. |
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Оказавшись в незнакомом месте за рубежом, вы можете растеряться и не знать куда двигаться дальше. В таком случае важно уметь попросить помощи у прохожего и понять, что он вам ответил. Сначала вы всего вероятнее спросите стандартной фразой Do you speak English?. Услышав положительный ответ, вы должны грамотно спросить то, что вызвало затруднение. Давайте посмотрим на основные обороты. Разобьем их на три части:
Вопросы как добраться/где находится:
Ответы куда идти:
* - вы можете встретить выражения turn to the left/right. Оно не взаимозаменяемо с выражение turn right/left. Если последнее говорит о повороте, куда тебе надо двигаться, то первое указывает куда повернуть тело (вспомните приказ в армии "НАПРА-ВО"):
Ответы где находится. Здесь главное хорошо владеть предлогами места:
Это основные фразы, необходимые вам в начале. Постарайтесь особенно запомнить предлоги и артикли перед наречиями right/left, так как это устойчивые выражения.
Повторите слова предыдущих уроков:
[si:t] | ['pæstə] | [mi:t] | ['spaidə(r)] | [bɔ:(r)] |
seat - место, сидение | pasta - макароны | meat - мясо meet - встречать, знакомить |
spider - паук | bore - скука |
[keiv] | ['gælən] | [reit] | [ri'zʌlt] | [ti:] |
cave - пещера | gallon - галлон | rate - ставка | result - результат | tea - чай |
[wet] | [kliə(r)] | [wʌndə(r)] | [sε:(r)tʃ] | [bi'lɒŋ] |
wet - мочить, мокрый | clear - чистить, чистый, ясный | wonder - удивлять | search - поиск, искать | belong - принадлежать |
[pik] | [skri:m] | ['rekəgnaiz] | [in'sist] | [ri'fju:z] |
pick - собирать, выбирать | scream - крик, кричать | recognize - признавать, распознавать | insist - настаивать | refuse - отказать |
[pε:(r)pl] | ['sɒri] | [ə'fiʃl] | [seif] | [laʊd] |
purple - фиолетовый | sorry - сожалеющий, огорченный | official - официальный | safe - безопасный | loud - громкий |
['ʌgli] | [sləʊ] | ['æŋgri] | ['hæpi] | ['i:zi] |
ugly - уродливый | slow - медленный | angry - сердитый | happy - счастливый | easy - легкий |
[bi'twi:n] | ['sʌmwʌn] | [hε:(r)'self] | [twelv] | ['welkəm] |
between - между | someone - кто-то, кто-нибудь | herself - сама (она) | twelve - двенадцать | welcome - пожалуйста, приветствовать, одобрять |
[ə'mʌŋ] | ['sevrəl] | ['niə(r)li] | ['evribɒdi] | [ə'pɒn] |
among - среди | several - несколько | nearly - почти, около | everybody - все | upon - на |
Вспомните формы неправильных глаголов:
know [nəʊ] | understand [ʌndə(r)'stænd] | make [meik] | become [bi'kʌm] | get [get] |
knew [nju:] known [nəʊn] |
understood [ʌndə(r)'stu:d] understood [ʌndə(r)'stu:d] |
made [meid] made [meid] |
became [bi'keim] become [bi'kʌm] |
got* [gɒt] got [gɒt] |
take [teik] | lie [lai] | put [pʊt] | stand [stænd] | forget [fə(r)'get] |
took [tʊk] taken ['teikən] |
lay [lei] lain [lein] |
put [pʊt] put [pʊt] |
stood [stʊd] stood [stʊd] |
forgot [fə(r)'gɒt] forgotten [fə(r)'gɒtən] |
drink [driŋk] | eat [i:t] | drive [draiv] | tell [tel] | build [bild] |
drank [dræŋk] drunk [drʌŋk] |
ate [eit] eaten [i:tn] |
drove [drəʊv] driven ['drivən] |
told [təʊld] told [təʊld] |
built [bilt] built [bilt] |
lose [lu:z] | sleep [sli:p] | blow [bləʊ] | hide [haid] | sing [siŋ] |
lost [lɒst] lost [lɒst] |
slept [slept] slept [slept] |
blew [blu:] blown [bləʊn] |
hid [hid] hidden ['hidən] |
sang [sæŋ] sung [sʌŋ] |
teach [ti:tʃ] | spend [spend] | begin [bi'gin] | run [rʌn] | sit [sit] |
taught [tɔ:t] taught [tɔ:t] |
spent [spent] spent [spent] |
began [bi'gæn] begun [bi'gʌn] |
ran [ræn] run [rʌn] |
sat [sæt] sat [sæt] |
* - американское произношение got: [ga:t].
Повторите некоторые фразовые глаголы:
go | ||||
подходить, встречаться | продолжать, случаться | проходить мимо, пропускать | вращаться, разгуливать | продвигать (развивать), соглашаться |
go with | go on | go by | go around | go along |
come | ||||
отклеиваться, отпадать | появляться, расти | снижать, гневно кричать | торопить (поощрять), наступать (приближаться) | заходить (в гости) |
come off | come up | come down | come on | come around (round) |
look | ||||
смотреть на | наблюдать (без вмешательства) | искать | присматривать, ухаживать | искать что-то (в книге, справочнике), смотреть вверх |
look at | look on | look for | look after | look up |
get | ||||
продолжать, садиться в (на) | преодолеть что-то | сводить концы с концами | приводить в уныние | выходить (из транспорта) |
get on | get over | get by | get down | get off |
put | ||||
соединять по телефону с | откладывать действие на более поздний срок | тушить огонь, сигарету | положить что-то в правильное место, сохранить деньги | надевать что-то, прибавлять в весе (скорости) |
put through to | put off | put out | put away | put on |
take | ||||
занимать чем-то пространство или время, начать заниматься чем-то | принимать кого-то на работу, брать что-то на себя | разбирать на части, записывать что-то на бумагу | быть похожим на | позволять кому-либо жить у себя |
take up | take on | take down | take after | take in |
Если вы все усвоили, то пора переходить к тексту урока.
They followed him into the restaurant where the three of them ate a meal at a small table. Valentin looked at the little star of broken glass, but learned nothing from it. "Your window is broken," he said, paying his bill. "Yes, sir," replied the waiter. "It was very strange how it happened." "Tell me," said Valentin. "Two of these priests came in," said the waiter. "Those foreign priests who are in the city at the moment. They had a cheap and quiet little lunch, and one of them paid for it and went out. The other was just going to follow him when I realized something. «Wait!» I said to the one who was nearly out of the door. «You've paid too much.» And I picked up the bill to show him. But I got a surprise." "What do you mean?" asked Valentin. "I was sure that I'd put four shillings on that bill," said the waiter. "But now I saw that it was fourteen." "Then what happened?" said Valentin. "The priest at the door said, «That will pay for the window.» «What window?» I asked. «The one that I'm going to break,» he said. And he broke the window with his umbrella! I went after him, but I wasn't quick enough. They went up Bullock Street so fast, I couldn't catch them." "Bullock Street!" said Valentin, and he ran up that road as quickly as the strange pair that he was following. Their journey took them through dark, narrow streets, and the inspector guessed that they would finally reach some part of Hampstead Heath. Suddenly, Valentin stopped in front of a small, brightly-lit sweet-shop. After a moment, he went inside and bought some chocolate. He began to ask the shop woman a question, but she spoke first. She saw the inspector behind him and immediately said. "If you're the police and you've come about that parcel, I've already sent it off." "Parcel!" repeated Valentin. "I mean the parcel that the priest left," said the woman. "Quickly!" said Valentin. "Tell us what happened!" "They came in half an hour ago," said the woman. "They bought some sweets, and then went off towards the Heath. Then one ran back into the shop and said, «Did I leave a parcel?» I looked around but couldn't see one. He said. «Never mind. But if you do* find it, please send it to this address.» He left the address, and a shilling for me. But after he went, I looked again and found that there was a parcel, so I posted it. I can't remember the address now, but it was somewhere in Westminster." "Is Hampstead Heath near here?" asked Valentin. "Straight on for fifteen minutes," said the woman. Valentin hurried out and began to run. The others followed him. The street they went through was full of evening shadows. Then they were out on the open Heath, and Valentin saw the two black shapes that he was looking for. They were a long way away, but Valentin saw that one was smaller than the other, and that the bigger man was over two metres tall. He hurried on. As he got closer, he saw something surprising, but something which he had already guessed. The small man was the priest from the Harwich train, the one who had talked about his parcels. Earlier that day, Valentin had discovered that a Father Brown from Essex was bringing a very old silver cross, with valuable blue jewels, to show to some of the foreign priests who were meeting in London. Valentin was sure that if he was able to find out about this, then Flambeau was able to find out, too. He was also sure that Flambeau planned to steal the cross. And it was not surprising that Flambeau, looking and talking like a priest, had been able to make the simple little man come to Hampstead Heath. What Valentin could not understand were the strange clues that had brought him there too. Soup on a wall, nuts called oranges, and broken windows. The detectives followed the two across the wilder part of the Heath, then lost them for a few minutes. When they saw them again, the two priests were sitting on a seat, having a serious conversation. Valentin and his friends hid behind a tree and listened to them talking. It was then that Valentin began to wonder if he was right. The two men on the seat were talking calmly about the ideas of their church. Valentin could almost hear the other two detectives laughing at him. They had come all this way, only to listen to the talk of two gentle old priests! Father Brown was speaking. "Look at the stars, like jewels in the sky. But even in those other worlds, there must be some laws of reason and goodness." Valentin was about to move away, but the words of the tall priest stopped him. "Who can understand the mystery of the stars?" Then he added calmly, "Just give me the silver cross, will you? We're all alone here, and I could pull you to pieces easily." The small priest did not move. He continued to look up at the stars. Perhaps he had not understood. Or perhaps he was too afraid to move. "Yes," said the tall priest, in the same low voice. "I am Flambeau. Now, give me that cross." "No," replied the other priest. Flambeau suddenly laughed. "No, you won't give it to me, you simple little priest," he said, "because I already have it in my pocket!" The small man looked at him. "Are you sure?" Flambeau laughed again. "Yes, you stupid man. I knew which of your parcels contained the jewelled cross, so I made a careful copy of the parcel. And now you, my friend, have that copy parcel and I have the jewels. It's easily done, Father Brown, easily done!" Father Brown did not look worried. "Yes, very easily. I remember another man who used copy parcels for many years," he said. "I remembered him when I began to wonder about you." "Wonder about me?" said Flambeau. "When did you begin to wonder about me? When I brought you up to the Heath?" "No, no," said Father Brown. "When we first met. I saw that little shape under the arm of your coat, where you keep your knife." "How did you know that?" cried Flambeau. "When I was a priest in Hartlepool," said Father Brown, "there were three men who hid their knives in the same way. So I watched you. I saw you change the parcels... and I changed them back. Then I left the right one behind." "Left it behind?" repeated Flambeau. "I went back to the sweet-shop," explained Father Brown, "and asked the woman if she saw me leave a parcel. Then I gave her an address if it was found. I knew I hadn't left a parcel, but when I went away again, I did* leave one. She has posted it to a friend of mine in Westminster." He went on sadly, "I learnt that from a man in Hartlepool, too. He did it with handbags which he stole at railway stations, but he's a good man now. People tell priests things, you see." Flambeau pulled a parcel from his pocket and opened it. There was only paper and stones inside it. He jumped up angrily and shouted, "I don't believe you. You've got the silver cross on you, and I'm going to take it from you!" "No," said Father Brown, and he stood up. "You won't take it from me. First, because I really haven't got it. And second, because we are not alone. Behind that tree are two strong policemen and the cleverest detective alive. How did they come here? I'll tell you. I wasn't sure if you were a thief, so I tried several things. A man usually says if he finds salt in his coffee. If he doesn't, he has a reason for keeping quiet. I changed the salt and sugar, and you kept quiet. A man usually says if his bill is too big. If he doesn't, he has a reason for saying nothing. I changed your bill, and you paid it." Flambeau did not seem to be able to move. "I wanted to be sure the police could follow us," Father Brown went on. "At every place we went to, I did something which people would talk about. Only little things - a soup stain on a wall, some apples that were knocked over, a broken window. But I saved the cross." "How do you know all these things?" cried Flambeau. The shadow of a smile went across the round face of Father Brown. "By being a simple little priest, I suppose," he said. "If you listen to enough men telling you about their crimes, you are sure to learn something." The three policemen moved out from behind the tree. Flambeau knew when he had lost a battle, and he was famous for his politeness. He took off his hat to Valentin and smiled. "Do not take your hat off to me, my friend," said Valentin. "Let us both take them off to Father Brown." And they both stood with their hats off while the little Essex priest looked around for his umbrella. | shilling ['ʃiliŋ] - шиллинг** inspector [in'spectə(r)] - инспектор Hampstead Heath ['hæmpsted hi:θ] - Хампстед-Хит (лесопарковая зона в Лондоне) heath [hi:θ] - пустошь, вереск lit [lit] - освещенный (причастие прошошедшего времени от light - светить) sweets - сладости Westminster ['westminstə(r)] - Вестминстер (район Лондона) Harwich ['hæritʃ] - Хэридж (город в Англии) Essex ['esiks] - Эссекс (графство в Англии) goodness ['gʊdnəs] - доброта contain [kən'tein] - содержать jewelled - украшенный драгоценными камнями copy ['kɒpi] - копия, копировать Hartlepool [ha:(r)tlipu:l] - Хартпул (город в Англии) stain [stein] - пятно | |
By G.K. Chesterton |
* - здесь do не вспомогательный глагол, а усилительная частица, которая усиливает значение следующего за ним глагола (подробнее об этом поговорим в одном из следующих уроков).
** - шиллинг является устаревшей денежной единицей, которая равнялась 12 пенсам, а 20 шиллингов ровнялись одному фунту. С переходом на десятичную систему счисления шиллинги убрали из оборота, и 100 пенсов стали равны одному фунту.
Вспомните слова предыдущего урока:
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Повторите фразовые глаголы с give:
вернуть |
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заканчивать что-то, что раздражает |
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сдаться, бросить что-то |
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уступать, сдаваться |
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испускать, производить что-то (запах, звук, свет, тепло ...) |
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становиться слабыми, производить, испускать что-то |
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отдавать (что-то ненужное), открывать секрет |
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Повторите слова этого урока:
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В этом уроке новые глаголы - add, continue, discover, shape, suppose и steal. Если вы готовы, то переходите к следующему уроку.